Are ADHD Drugs Safe? Evaluating Risks, Benefits, and Long-Term Effects

Are ADHD Drugs Safe? Evaluating Risks, Benefits, and Long-Term Effects

Downside of ADHD Drugs
Picture of Dr. Roseann Capanna-Hodge

Dr. Roseann Capanna-Hodge

You’re staring at that ADHD meds bottle, filled with second thoughts and worries—are ADHD drugs safe for your child? ADHD medications are generally safe when prescribed and monitored by a medical professional, but understanding potential side effects and exploring all options can help you make the best decision for your child.

It’s important to note that ADHD medications do not cure ADHD; they help manage symptoms by improving ADHD focus problem and attention.

While it may seem that medication can significantly aid in managing ADHD symptoms, it’s crucial to understand potential drawbacks. Most of my patients try medication because it is the only option presented and by the time they get to me in my clinic, they recognize that it doesn't really improve behavior problems.

Rethinking ADHD Treatment for Kids

While ADHD medications are often pushed by physicians, therapists and teachers, I have increasingly seen that parents are becoming more savvy and are investigating before giving their child or teen drugs that can possibly harm the brain.

When treating ADHD, it is important to consider both traditional and holistic approaches to find the most effective and safe option for your child.

Recently, Kim and Derek brought their teenager, Anabelle, to my clinic after years of navigating through various ADHD medications. Anabelle, who has an ADHD diagnosis, had been experiencing a rollercoaster of side effects without significant improvement in managing her ADHD symptoms. Frustrated with the inconsistent results and potential safety concerns of ADHD medications, they decided to seek a different approach to treat ADHD effectively. They felt like they were on a rollercoaster of side effects and decided to get off.

After a QEEG brain map, her brain profile was consistent with ADHD, Inattentive Type with anxiety that led the family to finally get the right help for Annabelle. We create a customized care plan that includes natural approaches including Neurofeedback, PEMF and behavior therapy.

5 Debunking Myths about ADHD

Non-Stimulant and Stimulant Medications for ADHD

ADHD medications fall into two main categories: stimulants and non-stimulants. Stimulant medication is commonly used as ADHD treatment as it increases neurotransmitter levels in the brain to aid attention and motivation. Stimulant medications prescribed by doctors are supposed to improve attention and focus. Many believe it will help executive functioning but those are a set of learned skills that can improve with direct instruction, not drugs.

Adderall and Ritalin are among the most commonly prescribed drugs for ADHD. Stimulant ADHD medications work by increasing dopamine (the “feel good” hormone) and norepinephrine (helps improve attention) levels in the brain.

Non-stimulant medications, like Strattera or Intuniv, take longer to work but provide a steadier effect, often with fewer side effects, and are ideal for those who don’t respond well to stimulants. These ADHD medications target different neurotransmitters to help manage symptoms of ADHD, offering an alternative for those who may not tolerate stimulants well or prefer a non-stimulant approach.

Both types are prescribed based on individual needs and monitored for effectiveness and safety.

Exploring the Downsides of ADHD Drugs

While ADHD medications can be effective, they also come with potential downsides that warrant consideration. Some individuals may experience side effects such as irritability, mood swings, and reduced appetite, impacting their daily lives and overall well-being. 

Additionally, there are concerns about the long-term effects of stimulant medications on brain development and function, particularly in children and adolescents. ADHD medications can:

1. Flatten Creativity

One common concern regarding ADHD medication is its potential to flatten creativity. Creativity is thinking divergently, generating novel ideas, and approaching problems from unconventional angles. 

Flatten Creativity

Some people report feeling that ADHD medication dampens their creative impulses, leading to a more linear style of thinking and reduced spontaneity. While this is only sometimes experienced, it's a significant consideration for those who rely on their creativity for various aspects of their lives, such as artistic endeavors or problem-solving in unconventional domains.

2. Increased Irritability and Crankiness

Another downside associated with ADHD medication is the possibility of increased irritability and crankiness. Stimulant medications, commonly prescribed for ADHD, can affect mood regulation in some children and teens, leading to periods of heightened irritability or mood swings. 

ADHD medications, particularly stimulants, can sometimes raise blood pressure and heart rate, making it essential for healthcare providers to monitor cardiovascular health, especially in individuals with pre-existing conditions.

This can impact interpersonal relationships and overall quality of life, as navigating intense emotional states can be challenging for individuals and those around them. Managing these fluctuations in mood requires careful monitoring and, in some cases, adjustments to medication dosage or alternative treatment approaches.

3. Enhanced Emotionality

In addition to increased irritability, ADHD medication may also amplify emotional responses, leading to heightened emotionality. While some individuals may find this aspect beneficial, as it can facilitate a more profound connection with their emotions, others may struggle to manage intense feelings of joy, sadness, or frustration. 

Balancing emotional reactivity with emotional regulation becomes crucial for individuals navigating the effects of ADHD medication, as finding stability amidst fluctuating emotions is essential for overall well-being.

4. Reduced Hunger

Many ADHD medications are known to suppress appetite, causing reduced hunger and potential weight loss. While this may be advantageous for individuals struggling with weight management, it can pose challenges for those who already have difficulty maintaining a healthy appetite or adequate nutrition. Proper nutrition is vital for overall health and cognitive functioning, and the appetite-suppressing effects of ADHD medication require careful attention to ensure that nutritional needs are met.

A study on 30 people with ADHD who were taking methylphenidate compared them to 20 people without ADHD. They checked the levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and BDNF in their bodies before and after two months of treatment.

Before treatment, the levels of these things were about the same in both groups. However, after two months of treatment, the ADHD group had some changes. Most of them had less appetite and lost weight. Their body weight and BMI decreased, and their ADHD symptoms improved.

After treatment, the ADHD group had higher levels of ghrelin and adiponectin, which might be related to why they lost weight. However, their BDNF levels were lower. Leptin levels didn't change much (Sahin et al., 2014).

5. Potential Harm to the Brain

There's ongoing debate and research regarding the long-term effects of ADHD medication on brain development and function. Some studies suggest that chronic use of stimulant medication may alter brain structure and function. Concerns about potential harm to the developing brain, particularly in children and adolescents, highlight the importance of cautious prescribing practices and close monitoring by healthcare professionals (Ersche et al., 2013).

Balancing Benefits and Risks of Common ADHD Medications

I always emphasize the importance of striking a balance between the benefits and long term risks of ADHD medication. Drawing on my extensive clinical experience, I work closely with children and their parents to shift to behavior therapy and natural solutions to ADHD treatment. Through open communication and personalized care, it’s possible to navigate the complexities of ADHD and empower children to achieve optimal outcomes and improve their quality of life.

ADHD medications may improve the quality of life for some children with the condition, but it’s essential to recognize that these medications have drawbacks. However, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of medical supervision in using non-stimulant and stimulant medication use to mitigate risks and ensure effective treatment.

ADHD drugs may be safe, but it should never be the first line of defense, specially for a developing brain. There are natural ways to manage ADHD without drugs. It is a good thing that Anabelle's parents came to me and we are able to reduce her ADHD symptoms by changing her diet, increasing exercise, taking supplements and using our CALM PEMF ® device.

If you want solutions that won’t harm your child, start with the Natural ADHD Focus Formula Kit. Learn to boost your child’s attention, focus, and school performance without medication. Click here to learn more.

Is there a cure for ADHD?

While there is no definitive cure for ADHD, a combination of FDA-approved medications, behavioral therapy, and strategies to ignore distractions can significantly improve symptoms and help individuals focus. It's important to understand that ADHD medications do not cure ADHD but are effective in managing symptoms and enhancing focus and behavior control.

Are higher doses of ADHD medication more effective?

A systematic review shows that while a higher dose of ADHD medication can sometimes improve focus, it may also increase the risk of side effects. Adjusting treatment or considering other medications may be necessary for optimal results.

Do ADHD medications pose a higher risk for certain individuals?

Some individuals, such as those with coexisting conditions or sensitivities, may face a higher risk of side effects or complications. Mental health professionals emphasize the importance of personalized care and exploring other medications or approaches when needed.

Are ADHD medications considered controlled substances?

Yes, many ADHD medications, such as mixed amphetamine salts, are classified as controlled substances due to their potential for substance abuse. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulates these medications to ensure safe and appropriate use under medical supervision.

Can ADHD medications lead to substance abuse?

While taking stimulants as prescribed reduces the risk of substance use disorder, adolescent psychiatry studies and clinical guidelines highlight the importance of monitoring for misuse, especially in young adults or individuals with a history of drug abuse or bipolar disorder.

What happens when ADHD medication wears off?

When ADHD medication wears off, children and young adults may experience a rebound effect, including a bad mood, irritability, or difficulty focusing. Behavioral therapy and adjusting the right medication can help reduce these effects while supporting positive behaviors.

Can ADHD medication increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Some stimulant medications may carry an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to their potential to raise heart rate and blood pressure. According to the Cleveland Clinic, individuals, especially those with pre-existing conditions, should be closely monitored for safety concerns.

What are some common adverse effects of ADHD medications?

Stimulant medications can cause adverse effects such as decreased appetite, trouble sleeping, or mood changes. Options like chewable tablets or adjusting to different stimulant medications can minimize side effects, ensuring better outcomes.

How does ADHD medication work in the brain?

ADHD medications target areas of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, improving the ability to focus, regulate emotions, and ignore distractions. By increasing dopamine and norepinephrine, they support better cognitive function.

What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of medications primarily used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. They work by increasing the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, in the brain by blocking its reabsorption (reuptake) into neurons. This helps improve mood, emotional regulation, and overall mental well-being. Common SSRIs include Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), and Lexapro (escitalopram). SSRIs are often preferred because they generally have fewer side effects compared to older antidepressants. Always consult a healthcare provider for guidance on their use.

What are Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DRIs)?

Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DRIs) are medications that increase dopamine levels in the brain by blocking its reabsorption (reuptake) into neurons. By enhancing dopamine activity, DRIs help improve focus, motivation, and mood, making them useful for conditions like ADHD and depression. Examples include Wellbutrin (bupropion) and Focalin (dexmethylphenidate). Always consult a healthcare provider for proper use and monitoring.

Are short-acting ADHD medications suitable for children of all ages?

Short-acting medications are often prescribed for younger children, including those aged 6 and above, as they allow for more controlled dosing and observation of effects. However, for children ages 2–5, medication is generally avoided unless absolutely necessary. Always consult a healthcare professional to determine the safest approach.

How do immediate-release and short-acting ADHD medications compare to other drugs?

Immediate-release and short-acting medications provide quick symptom relief for shorter periods (usually 4–6 hours) and can be ideal for specific times, like school hours. In contrast, other drugs, such as extended-release medications, last longer, reducing the need for multiple doses. The choice depends on the child’s age, symptom severity, and need for flexibility in management.

Are there ADHD medications with a lower risk of side effects?

Certain medications, like non-stimulants, are associated with a lower risk of side effects compared to stimulants, especially when used in lower doses or for younger children. These options may be helpful for children with sensitivities to certain chemicals or for those requiring treatment over longer periods.

What are the different types of ADHD medication?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD meds primarily fall into two categories: stimulants and non-stimulants. Stimulants, like Ritalin and Adderall, increase certain neurotransmitters in the brain, improving attention and focus. Non-stimulants, such as Strattera and Intuniv, work differently by targeting other neurotransmitters and are often considered when stimulants aren't effective or are not preferred.

What medicine is used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? 

The most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD include stimulants like methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Concerta) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Vyvanse), as well as non-stimulant options like atomoxetine (Strattera) and guanfacine (Intuniv).

Is Focalin more powerful than Adderall?

Focalin (dexmethylphenidate) and Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) are both stimulant medications used to treat ADHD. They may affect individuals differently, so what works best can vary. There isn't a straightforward answer regarding which one is more powerful, as efficacy can depend on individual responses and factors such as dosage and tolerance.

Is Concerta stronger than Adderall? 

Concerta (methylphenidate) and Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) are both effective medications for ADHD, but they work differently. There isn't a straightforward answer to whether Concerta is “stronger” than Adderall, as effectiveness can vary from person to person. It's best to consult a healthcare professional to determine which medication suits an individual's needs.

Is Adderall stronger than Ritalin?

Comparing the strength of Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) and Ritalin (methylphenidate) is complex as they have different chemical compositions and mechanisms of action. Both medications are effective for ADHD but may have different effects on individuals. The perceived strength can vary based on factors such as dosage, individual response, and specific symptoms being targeted. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional to determine which medication suits an individual's needs.

How does ADHD medication work? 

ADHD medications, such as stimulants like Adderall and non-stimulants like Strattera, work by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine. These medications help improve attention, focus, and impulse control by increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters in specific areas of the brain associated with ADHD symptoms.

What do doctors prescribe for ADD?

Doctors may prescribe various medications for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), including stimulants like methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Concerta) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Vyvanse), as well as non-stimulant options like atomoxetine (Strattera) and guanfacine (Intuniv). The choice of medication depends on factors such as the individual's age, medical history, and specific symptoms.

Citations

Ersche, K. D., Williams, G. B., Robbins, T. W., & Bullmore, E. T. (2013). Meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities associated with stimulant drug dependence and neuroimaging of addiction vulnerability and resilience. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(4), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.017

Sahin, S., Yuce, M., Alacam, H., Karabekiroglu, K., Say, G. N., & Salıs, O. (2014). Effect of methylphenidate treatment on appetite and levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 18(4), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2014.940054

Dr. Roseann is a mental health expert in ADHD who is frequently in the media:

Dr. Roseann is a mental health expert in Self-Regulation who frequently is in the media:

Always remember… “Calm Brain, Happy Family™”

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to give health advice and it is recommended to consult with a physician before beginning any new wellness regime. *The effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment vary by patient and condition. Dr. Roseann Capanna-Hodge, LLC does not guarantee certain results.

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©Roseann Capanna-Hodge 2025

Dr. Roseann is a Children’s Mental Health Expert and Licensed Therapist who has been featured in/on hundreds of media outlets including The Mel Robbins Show, CBS, NBC, PIX11 NYC, Today, FORBES, CNN, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Business Insider, Women’s Day, Healthline, CNET, Parade Magazine and PARENTS. FORBES called her, “A thought leader in children’s mental health.

Dr. Roseann - Brain Behavior Reset Parent Toolkit

She coined the terms, “Re-entry panic syndrome” and “eco-anxiety” and is a frequent contributor to media on mental health. 

Dr. Roseann Capanna-Hodge has three decades of experience in working with children, teens and their families with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, concussion, dyslexia and learning disability, anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), depression and mood disorder, Lyme Disease, and PANS/PANDAS using science-backed natural mental health solutions such as supplements, magnesium, nutrition, QEEG Brain maps, neurofeedback, PEMF, psychotherapy and other non-medication approaches. 

She is the author of three bestselling books, It’s Gonna Be OK!: Proven Ways to Improve Your Child's Mental Health, The Teletherapy Toolkit, and Brain Under Attack. Dr. Roseann is known for offering a message of hope through science-endorsed methods that promote a calm brain. 

Her trademarked BrainBehaviorResetⓇ Program and It’s Gonna be OK!Ⓡ Podcast has been a cornerstone for thousands of parents facing mental health, behavioral or neurodevelopmental challenges.

She is the founder and director of The Global Institute of Children’s Mental Health, Neurotastic™Brain Formulas and Dr. Roseann Capanna-Hodge, LLC. Dr. Roseann is a Board Certified Neurofeedback (BCN) Practitioner, a Board Member of the Northeast Region Biofeedback Society (NRBS), Certified Integrative Mental Health Professional (CIMHP) and an Amen Clinic Certified Brain Health Coach.  She is also a member of The International Lyme Disease and Associated Disease Society (ILADS), The American Psychological Association (APA), Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), International OCD Foundation (IOCDF).

© Roseann-Capanna-Hodge, LLC 2025

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